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Kelly pool (also known as pea pool, pill pool, keeley, the keilley game, and killy) is a pocket billiards game played on a standard pool table using fifteen numbered markers called peas or pills, and a standard set of sixteen pool balls. Gameplay involves players drawing peas at random from a , which assigns to them the correspondingly numbered pool ball, kept secret from their opponents, but which they must pocket in order to win the game. Kelly pool is a game, which means that players must contact the lowest numbered on each shot first until the opportunity to pocket their own is presented. Two rule variants are set forth under rules promulgated by the Billiard Congress of America (BCA). In the simpler form, the object of play starts and ends with the goal of pocketing one's secret ball. In the second, in addition to the goal of pocketing one's secret ball, points are scored in various ways. In the instance where pills are unavailable, a cloth may be used to cover the balls, which are then chosen blindly, recorded, and replaced for play. Reportedly invented by Chicagoan Calistus "Kelly" Mulvaney in 1893, kelly pool was a popular game during the early- to mid-20th century. Mentions of it were at one time common in US newspapers, often painting it in a negative light as its play was considered a stronghold of gambling. Authorities in various parts of the United States at times called for a moratorium on the game's play. Until 1964, in fact, playing the game was a fineable offense in the state of Montana. Many billiard-specific and etymological sources point to kelly pool, or an early version of the game called kelly rotation, as the origin of the common idiom, "behind the eight ball". Some publications blithely assume the expression to be eponymously derived from the game of eight ball, but it has been pointed out that the expression came into use before eight ball was popularized, and that the game did not even use an ''actual 8 ball'' under the version first marketed to the public. The predecessor to the BCA, The National Billiard Association, meanwhile, holds that the expression simply emanates from the fact that the eight ball, being black-colored, is harder to see than other balls, thus resulting in an association with any difficult position. ==Origins== According to an article which appeared in the June 29, 1913 edition of the ''Chicago Tribune'', "Kelly pool was invented by Kelly Mulvaney". The quote is attributed in the article to Hugh E. Keough,〔 a well-known Chicago sportswriter of 31 years. Further information is provided in a November 10, 1916 ''Indianapolis Star'' obituary for one Calistus Mulvaney, who is listed as having died the preceding day.〔 Accessed through Ancestry.com database, May 24, 2009.〕 The obituary, entitled "Originated 'Kelly Pool, states that: "... for thirty five years () was identified with Kelly pool in the loop district ... He was widely known as the father of 'Kelly pool' and better known as Kelly Mulvaney than Calistus. He was born at Fox Lake Wis() sixty-five years ago."〔 In Calistus Mulvaney's entry in the 1910 United States Census ''(pictured at right)'', his occupation is listed as "billiard hall emp()" and his position there as "keeper".〔Calistus Mulvaney's entry in the 1910 United States Census. Refer to :File:1910 Census detail-Calistus Mulvaney.jpg.〕 As part of the same household, Mulvaney's brother-in-law's listing appears on the same census page, with his occupation and position identically recorded.〔 The census records Mulvaney's age in 1910 as 56, his birthdate as "about 1854", his birthplace as Wisconsin, his spouse's name as Kate, and his area of residence at that time as Chicago Ward 14, Cook Co., Illinois.〔 Although there is a given-name discrepancy, additional illumination is provided by Simpson M. Ritter in the publication ''From the Annals of Sports''. As Simpson is quoted in the book ''Sports in the Pulp Magazines'' by John A. Dinan: 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kelly pool」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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